In this article, we shall study the structure of (a + bu)􀀀 constacyclic codes of arbitrary length over the ring R = Fq + uFq +


+ ue− 1Fq, where ue = 0, q is a power of a prime number p and a; b are non-zero elements of Fq. Also we shall  nd a minimal spanning set for these codes. For a constacyclic code C we shall determine its minimum Hamming distance with some properties of Tor(C) as an a􀀀 constacyclic code over Fq.

The main objective of this study is strengthening of flat slabs in punching shear with a new model. For this purpose 15 numerical samples include a control and 14 strengthened defined and nonlinearly analyzed up to failure. The strengthening method is new method of Grooving in two orthogonal direction (x and y axes of slab plan) and then mounting the external bars (sticking) in one direction and FRP in EBROG (externally bonded reinforcement on groove) method in another direction. The results showed the great efficiency of the method so that the punching shear capacity of strengthened samples increased between 28 and 62% compare to control one. Also the mode of failure changed in strengthened specimens from shear to flexure– shear and the punching critical area was broader and developed from the loading point. In the Grooving method the sticking bars yielded in all specimens and the FRP tensile strain was closer to rupture strain compared to EBR.

Background and Aims: Apple stem Grooving virus (ASGV) is one of the economically important latent viruses infecting pome fruit trees worldwide. The investigation on the distribution of ASGV and its molecular properties can give us more information about the epidemiology and control of this latent and graft-transmissible virus. Materials and Methods: The presence of ASGV in apple and pear orchards in Mazandaran province (Northern Iran) was investigated using serological and molecular approaches. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the Neighbor-Joining method implemented in MEGAX. Two-dimensional nucleotide diversity plot constructed using CP sequences by SDTv1.2 version 12. RDP4 and Dnasp software were used for recombination, and genetic diversity and demographic analysis, respectively v. 6.10.04. Results: ASGV was detected in 10.2% of leaf samples by ELISA test. A DNA amplicon with the expected size of 780 bp corresponding to the ASGV coat protein (CP) gene was amplified using RT-PCR assay. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the ASGV isolates clustered into two main groups, which is confirmed by the nucleotide identity plot. Group II (GII) includes two Chinese and Korean pear isolates with an apple isolate from India. However, most of the ASGV isolated from different geographical regions including Iranian isolates fell into group I (GI). High nucleotide identity (91 to 100%), low nucleotide, and high haplotype diversities indicate the recent distribution of ASGV. No clustering was found according to the hosts or where the ASGV was isolated. Using dN/dS values it was found that the different populations of ASGV are under negative (purifying) selection with the ω ratio less than 1. The highest gene flow was determined between American and South Asian populations. Moderate or low genetic differentiation, and frequent gene flow (FST < 0.33 and Nm > 1) also confirmed with Ks*, Kst* Z, Z* and Snn statistics values, except between West Asia and East Asia populations which may suggesting these isolates are older than the others.  Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of ASGV infecting apple and pear trees in North Iran, which extends the geographical range of this viral disease. Accordingly, larger-scale ASGV investigations must be conducted to determine the distribution and prevalence of this virus in Iran.

In this study, a numerical investigation was performed on the mixing of non-Newtonian power-law fluids in curved micromixers with power-law indices between 0. 49 and 1 and Reynolds numbers between 0. 1-300. The properties of water and CMC solution were used for simulation of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows, respectively. The effects of grooves embedded on the bottom wall of micromixers and geometrical parameters such as depth and angle of grooves on mixing performance were examined. The mixing of non-Newtonian fluids using this kind of micromixers has not been studied before. Eventually, using of inclined grooves with 30° inclination angle was studied. Open source CFD code of OpenFOAM was utilized to simulate the mixing process. The results showed that the grooves caused chaotic advection and improved the mixing performance but had no significant effect on dimensionless pressure drop. Also, the grooves with 30◦ angle showed better mixing index for all values of power-law indices.

Absorbable metals, metals that corrode in physiological environment, constitute a new class of biomaterials intended fortemporary medical implant applications. The introduction of these metals has shifted the established paradigm of metalimplants from preventing corrosion to its direct application. Interest toward absorbable metals has been growing in the pastdecade. This is proved by the rapid increase in scientific publication, progressive development of standards, and launchingthe first commercial products. Iron, magnesium, zinc, and their alloys are the current three absorbable metals families. Magnesium-based metals are the most progressing family with a large data set obtained from both basic and translationalresearch. Iron-based metals are still facing a major challenge of low in vivo corrosion rate despite the significant efforts thathave been put to overcome its weakness. Zinc-based metals are the new alternative absorbable metals with moderate corrosionrates that fall between those of iron and magnesium. This manuscript provides a brief review on the latest progress inthe research and development of absorbable metals, the most important findings, the remaining challenges, and the perspectiveon the future direction.